Development of a liquid-phase microextraction based on the freezing of a deep eutectic solvent followed by HPLC-UV for sensitive determination of common pesticides in environmental water samples

RSC Advances Pub Date: 2018-03-22 DOI: 10.1039/C8RA00912K

Abstract

In this research, a new extraction method based on liquid-phase microextraction and the freezing of deep eutectic solvent (LPME-FDES) has been developed for the determination of common pesticides in water samples prior to their analysis by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). In this method, a green solvent consisting of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol was used as an extraction solvent, yielding the advantages of material stability, low density, and a suitable freezing point near room temperature. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors and extraction recoveries are in the range of 150–180 and 75–90%, respectively. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 0.2–500 μg L?1 and limit of detections (LODs) are in the range of 0.05–0.50 μg L?1. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 200 μg L?1 of diazinon and endosulfan, 100 μg L?1 of phosalone, 50.0 μg L?1 of atrazine, desethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in water were in the range of 1.3–2.5% and 2.2–3.6%, respectively. The relative recoveries of well, tap and river water samples which have been spiked with different levels of target pesticides are 97–106, 90–108 and 95–107%, respectively. The extraction methodology is simple, rapid, cheap and green since small amounts of non-toxic solvents are necessary.

Graphical abstract: Development of a liquid-phase microextraction based on the freezing of a deep eutectic solvent followed by HPLC-UV for sensitive determination of common pesticides in environmental water samples
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