Lignans and neolignans are a class of secondary metabolites derived from phenylpropanoids, commonly found in various plants. These bioactive compounds possess diverse structural features, including a pair of trans-coupled phenolic rings and a variety of substituents, making them important natural products with significant pharmacological activities. Lignans have been extensively studied for their potential health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Neolignans, on the other hand, are considered to be more complex derivatives of lignans, often resulting from metabolic processes in plants that lead to modifications and rearrangements. These compounds exhibit unique structural characteristics and can offer additional therapeutic potentials beyond those of their parent lignan molecules. In the field of natural product chemistry, the exploration of lignans and neolignans continues to uncover new applications in medicine and health sciences, making them valuable targets for further research and development.