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• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Diazines Pyrimidones
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Diazines Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives Pyrimidones

Introduction to 4-Thiouracil (CAS No. 591-28-6)

4-Thiouracil, with the chemical name 4-thiouracil and the CAS number 591-28-6, is a significant compound in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry and biochemistry. This heterocyclic organic compound belongs to the uracil family, characterized by the presence of a sulfur atom at the 4-position of the pyrimidine ring. 4-Thiouracil has garnered considerable attention due to its versatile applications in medicinal chemistry, particularly in the development of therapeutic agents targeting various biological pathways. Its unique structural and chemical properties make it a valuable scaffold for drug design, enabling interactions with biological targets with high specificity and efficacy.

The molecular structure of 4-Thiouracil consists of a pyrimidine core substituted with a thiourea group at the 4-position. This substitution imparts distinct reactivity and biological activity, making it a key intermediate in synthesizing pharmacologically active molecules. The sulfur atom in the thiourea group enhances nucleophilic character, facilitating various chemical transformations that are crucial for drug development. Additionally, the uracil moiety contributes to hydrogen bonding capabilities, which is essential for binding to biological targets such as enzymes and receptors.

In recent years, 4-Thiouracil has been extensively studied for its potential in treating a range of diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and infectious disorders. One of the most compelling areas of research involves its role as an antineoplastic agent. Studies have demonstrated that 4-Thiouracil can inhibit tumor growth by interfering with DNA replication and transcription processes in cancer cells. Its ability to act as a base analog allows it to be incorporated into DNA and RNA, disrupting normal cellular functions and inducing apoptosis in malignant cells.

Moreover, 4-Thiouracil has shown promise in treating inflammatory conditions by modulating immune responses. Research indicates that it can suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The compound's ability to interact with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor involved in inflammation, further underscores its therapeutic potential.

Another area where 4-Thiouracil has been explored is in combating infectious diseases. Its structural similarity to natural nucleobases makes it capable of competing with adenine and guanine for incorporation into viral genomes during replication. This competition can lead to the production of non-functional viral particles, effectively inhibiting pathogen propagation. Preliminary studies have highlighted its efficacy against viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), making it a candidate for antiviral therapies.

The synthesis of 4-Thiouracil typically involves condensation reactions between thiourea and diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate or similar carbonyl compounds under controlled conditions. The reaction proceeds via nucleophilic addition followed by cyclization, yielding the desired product with high purity and yield. Advances in synthetic methodologies have enabled more efficient production processes, making 4-Thiouracil more accessible for research and industrial applications.

In terms of pharmacokinetics, 4-Thiouracil exhibits moderate solubility in water and organic solvents, facilitating its formulation into various dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, and solutions. Its bioavailability is influenced by factors such as pH and gastrointestinal motility, which can affect its absorption rate. Studies have shown that oral administration results in reasonable absorption rates, allowing for therapeutic concentrations to be achieved within a clinically relevant timeframe.

Despite its promising applications, 4-Thiouracil is not without limitations. Potential side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, hematological disturbances, and allergic reactions in some individuals. Therefore, careful monitoring and dosage adjustments are necessary when using this compound therapeutically. Additionally, long-term studies are needed to fully understand its safety profile and optimal usage guidelines.

The future of 4-Thiouracil research lies in its integration into novel drug delivery systems designed to enhance bioavailability and target specificity. Nanotechnology-based approaches have shown particular promise in this regard, allowing for controlled release formulations that improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing side effects. Furthermore, computational modeling techniques are being employed to predict interactions between 4-Thiouracil derivatives and biological targets at an atomic level, accelerating drug discovery efforts.

In conclusion,4-Thiouracil (CAS No. 591-28-6) is a multifunctional compound with significant potential in pharmaceutical applications across various therapeutic areas including oncology,inflammation,and infectious diseases,Thiouracil derivatives continue to be explored as key components in next-generation therapeutics,driven by advancements in synthetic chemistry,pharmacology,and drug delivery technologies.

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