• 1. An amide probe as a selective Al3+ and Fe3+ sensor inside the HeLa and a549 cell lines: Pictet–Spengler reaction for the rapid detection of tryptophan amino acid?
  Bidyut Kumar Kundu,Rinky Singh,Ritudhwaj Tiwari,Debasis Nayak New J. Chem., 2019,43, 4867-4877
• 2. An ion-exchange method for determining paraquat residues in food crops
  Analyst, 1965,90, 99-106
• 3. An apparatus for determining small amounts of alchohol in sour milk and urine
  Analyst, 1964,89, 272-275
• 4. An approach to 7-aza-1-phosphanorbornane complexes: strain promoted rearrangement of 1-iminylphosphirane complexes and cycloaddition with olefins?
  Yang Xu,Min Wang,Donghui Wei,Rongqiang Tian,Zheng Duan,Fran?ois Mathey Dalton Trans., 2019,48, 5523-5526
• 5. An investigation into the origin of variations in photovoltaic performance using D–D–π–A and D–A–π–A triphenylimidazole dyes with a copper electrolyte?
  Govind Reddy Mol. Syst. Des. Eng., 2021,6, 779-789

• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Benzenoids Benzene and substituted derivatives Benzenesulfonamides
• Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Products Medical Target Class
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds

Professional Introduction to Gliclazide (CAS No. 21187-98-4)

Gliclazide, a compound with the chemical name Gliclazide, is a well-known pharmaceutical agent classified under the category of sulfonylureas. Its chemical formula is C?H??N?O?S, and it is primarily utilized in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The compound is identified by its unique CAS number 21187-98-4, which serves as a distinctive identifier in chemical and pharmaceutical databases. This introduction aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Gliclazide, encompassing its pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and recent advancements in research.

The pharmacological profile of Gliclazide is characterized by its ability to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells. This mechanism is crucial for individuals with type 2 diabetes, where there is often a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin. By enhancing insulin release, Gliclazide helps to lower blood glucose levels, thereby improving glycemic control. The compound’s efficacy has been well-documented in numerous clinical trials and randomized controlled studies, making it a cornerstone in the pharmacological treatment of diabetes.

Recent research has delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of Gliclazide. Studies have highlighted its interaction with ATP-sensitive potassium channels on pancreatic beta cells, which leads to cell depolarization and subsequent insulin secretion. Additionally, investigations have explored its potential effects on other cellular pathways, such as enhancing glucose-induced insulin release and improving peripheral insulin sensitivity. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how Gliclazide functions beyond its primary mechanism.

One of the notable features of Gliclazide is its relatively long half-life compared to other sulfonylureas, which allows for once-daily dosing. This aspect enhances patient compliance and convenience, particularly for those with busy lifestyles. Furthermore, the compound has been observed to have a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to some alternatives, making it a favorable choice for long-term management of type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies have reported that patients treated with Gliclazide exhibit stable glycemic control without significant hypoglycemic episodes when used as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic agents.

The safety profile of Gliclazide has been extensively evaluated through various phases of clinical trials. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea and diarrhea, which are generally mild and transient. More serious side effects, such as hypoglycemia, are rare but can occur, particularly in patients with renal impairment or those taking high doses. Monitoring blood glucose levels regularly and adjusting the dosage under medical supervision are essential practices to mitigate these risks.

In recent years, advancements in drug delivery systems have led to the development of novel formulations of Gliclazide that enhance bioavailability and reduce gastrointestinal irritation. For instance, extended-release formulations have been designed to provide sustained therapeutic levels over an extended period, thereby minimizing peak-trough fluctuations in blood glucose levels. These innovations have improved patient outcomes and contributed to the evolving landscape of diabetes management.

Research into the synergistic effects of Gliclazide with other antidiabetic agents has also gained traction. Combination therapies involving Gliclazide with metformin or GLP-1 receptor agonists have shown promising results in achieving better glycemic control while reducing the risk of hypoglycemia. Such combinations leverage different mechanisms of action to address various aspects of diabetes pathophysiology, providing clinicians with more versatile treatment options.

The role of Gliclazide in managing specific subpopulations within the diabetic patient group has also been explored. Studies have examined its efficacy in elderly patients, those with comorbid conditions such as obesity or cardiovascular disease, and individuals with varying degrees of renal function impairment. These investigations have provided valuable insights into tailoring treatment regimens based on individual patient characteristics.

The regulatory landscape for Gliclazide has evolved over time, reflecting advancements in understanding its pharmacology and safety profile. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMA have approved various formulations of Gliclazide based on robust clinical evidence supporting its efficacy and safety. Ongoing post-marketing surveillance continues to monitor for any emerging adverse effects or new therapeutic applications.

Future directions in research on Gliclazide include exploring its potential benefits beyond diabetes management. Preliminary studies have suggested possible anti-inflammatory properties that could be relevant in conditions associated with chronic inflammation. Additionally, investigating Gliclazide’s role in preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes in high-risk populations remains an area of active interest.

In conclusion, Gliclazide (CAS No. 21187-98-4) stands as a significant pharmaceutical agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its well-established mechanism of action, favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and extensive clinical evidence make it a reliable choice for both monotherapy and combination therapy regimens. Ongoing research continues to uncover new insights into its therapeutic potential and refine strategies for optimizing patient care.

• 1443-94-3(Benzenesulfonamide,4-methyl-N-[(1-piperidinylamino)carbonyl]-)
• 1443-97-6(Benzenesulfonamide,N-[[(hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)amino]carbonyl]-)
• 21187-99-5(Benzenesulfonamide,4-chloro-N-[[(hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)amino]carbonyl]-)
• 1156-19-0(Tolazamide)
• 1185039-30-8(Gliclazide-d4)
• 3074-35-9(1H-Indene-5-sulfonamide,N-[[(hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)amino]carbonyl]-2,3-dihydro-)
• 1228-19-9(Benzenesulfonamide,4-chloro-N-[[(hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)amino]carbonyl]-)
• 1224-47-1(Benzenesulfonamide,4-chloro-N-[(1-piperidinylamino)carbonyl]-)
• 87368-00-1(Hydroxy Gliclazide)
• 631-27-6(GLYCLOPYRAMIDE)