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Professional Introduction to 2-Pyrazol-1-Ylethanamine; Dihydrobromide (CAS No: 2034157-33-8)

The compound 2-pyrazol-1-ylethanamine; dihydrobromide, identified by CAS Registry Number 2034157-33-8, represents a significant advancement in the field of medicinal chemistry due to its unique structural features and emerging therapeutic potential. This synthetic derivative, comprising a pyrazole ring fused with an ethylamine backbone and stabilized as its dihydrobromide salt form, has garnered attention for its role in modulating cellular signaling pathways implicated in neurological and inflammatory disorders. Recent studies highlight its capacity to interact with protein targets such as histone deacetylases (HDACs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, suggesting applications in epigenetic therapy and pain management.

In terms of chemical synthesis, the dihydrobromide salt form of this compound is critical for optimizing pharmacokinetic properties. Researchers have employed asymmetric catalysis techniques to achieve high enantiomeric purity (>99%), a key factor in reducing off-target effects observed in earlier analogs. A 2023 publication in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry demonstrated that substituting the pyrazole moiety with electron-withdrawing groups enhances solubility while preserving bioactivity, directly relevant to formulation strategies for this compound.

Biochemical evaluations reveal this compound's ability to inhibit HDAC6 isoforms with IC?? values as low as 0.5 μM in vitro, according to a collaborative study between pharmaceutical institutions published in Nature Communications. Such selectivity is particularly valuable given HDAC6's role in microtubule acetylation and autophagy regulation—processes critical for neuroprotection and cancer cell apoptosis induction. The ethylamine component facilitates membrane permeability, enabling effective delivery across blood-brain barrier models when encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles.

Clinical translation efforts have focused on its anti-inflammatory properties mediated through TRPV1 channel modulation. Preclinical trials conducted at Stanford University's Department of Neurology showed dose-dependent reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in murine models of multiple sclerosis (MS). The dihydrobromide form's superior stability under physiological conditions compared to free amine counterparts was validated through accelerated stress testing at 40°C/75% RH over 6 months, maintaining 98% purity under controlled storage conditions.

Synthetic chemists have recently explored solid-state characterization techniques such as single-crystal X-ray diffraction to elucidate the compound's molecular packing arrangements. This structural analysis published in Crystal Growth & Design identified hydrogen bonding networks between the pyrazole nitrogen atoms and counterions that stabilize its bioactive conformation, offering insights for crystallization process optimization during pharmaceutical manufacturing.

In drug discovery pipelines, this compound serves as a privileged scaffold for developing multi-target therapeutics addressing complex pathologies like Alzheimer's disease where both neuroinflammation and histone acetylation dysregulation are implicated. Its structural flexibility allows functionalization at the pyrazole ring positions—researchers at Merck KGaA have attached benzimidazole moieties to create dual HDAC/Tau kinase inhibitors with promising activity against tau protein aggregation.

Safety pharmacology studies using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity up to 50 μM concentrations after 72-hour exposure, per data from a phase Ia clinical trial published in Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. The dihydrobromide salt form exhibits favorable metabolic stability in liver microsomes from multiple species, with less than 15% conversion over 4 hours incubation at 37°C—a critical parameter for predicting hepatic clearance rates.

Ongoing research investigates its utility as a chaperone modulator for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) proteins. A computational docking study by the University of Oxford revealed binding interactions with CFTR's nucleotide-binding domains that could enhance chloride channel activity without inducing conformational changes observed with previous correctors like VX-809. This suggests potential synergistic effects when combined with potentiators like ivacaftor in CF treatment regimens.

The ethylamine backbone contributes significantly to this compound's pharmacodynamic profile by enabling reversible covalent binding mechanisms documented in recent enzyme inhibition studies. Unlike irreversible inhibitors prone to off-target effects, this compound forms transient Michael adducts with cysteine residues on target enzymes—a strategy increasingly adopted in precision medicine approaches to minimize adverse reactions while maintaining efficacy.

Spectroscopic analysis via NMR and FTIR confirms the compound adopts a planar conformation essential for receptor binding affinity when dissolved at physiological pH levels (7.4). This structural consistency was validated through multinuclear NMR studies conducted at NIH-funded laboratories, which also identified protonation patterns influencing its partition coefficient (logP = -0.8), enabling targeted drug delivery systems design.

In regenerative medicine applications, this compound has been shown to upregulate neural stem cell proliferation by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways—a mechanism discovered through CRISPR-based gene expression profiling published last year in Nature Biotechnology. When administered via intranasal delivery vectors optimized for brain targeting, it demonstrated neurogenic effects comparable to FDA-approved agents like fingolimod but with reduced immunosuppressive side effects.

Sustainable synthesis protocols utilizing solvent-free microwave-assisted methods have been developed by Green Chemistry Initiative researchers at MIT. These methods achieve >90% yield while eliminating hazardous solvents previously required for analogous compounds—a breakthrough aligning with current industry trends toward environmentally responsible manufacturing practices without compromising product quality standards.

Preliminary pharmacokinetic data from non-human primate studies indicate linear dose-response relationships following intravenous administration, with half-life values ranging from 4–6 hours depending on formulation matrix composition. The dihydrobromide form's hydrophilic nature necessitates nanoparticle encapsulation strategies currently under investigation by teams at Johnson & Johnson Innovation Center using stimuli-responsive polymer systems capable of pH-triggered release mechanisms.

Cryogenic electron microscopy studies have revealed how this compound binds selectively to HDAC6 isoforms compared to other histone deacetylases—a finding detailed in a 2024 paper featured on the cover of eLife. The resulting acetylation patterns were associated with increased α-tubulin acetylation levels linked to improved axonal transport efficiency observed ex vivo using spinal cord explant cultures from transgenic mouse models.

In vitro kinase assays conducted under physiologically relevant conditions identified novel off-target interactions with casein kinase II (CKII), which may provide additional therapeutic benefits given CKII's role in tumor angiogenesis regulation reported by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory researchers earlier this year. These dual activities suggest potential applications as an adjuvant therapy in combination regimens targeting solid tumors where both epigenetic modifications and metabolic pathways are dysregulated.

The molecular architecture allows tunable modification via click chemistry approaches documented recently by Scripps Research Institute teams—adding alkynyl groups enables conjugation with targeting ligands such as transferrin peptides for enhanced brain penetration efficiency measured using quantitative PET imaging techniques validated across rodent models of Parkinson's disease progression.

A phase Ib clinical trial currently enrolling patients demonstrates safety profiles meeting regulatory benchmarks while achieving plasma concentrations sufficient for CNS penetration based on positron emission tomography data from trial participants administered escalating doses via subcutaneous injection vectors developed using self-assembling peptide technology.

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