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This article analyses Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in chemistry by reviewing existing challenges and future possibilities on the levels of the teacher and the student. Pedagogical frameworks that are found eligible in practice are reviewed. Lesson themes that are suitable for implementing socio-scientific issues (SSI) related to ESD into basic chemistry education at schools are discussed. Based on this analysis, three new demonstrative pedagogical models for ESD in chemistry are presented to help guide the work of teachers. The models draw on an interdisciplinary reading of research in the field of SSI-based science education, sustainability science, green chemistry and environmental education. The current state of ESD in Finnish chemistry education is used as an example case throughout the article. Two tasks where future development is required were recognised. The first task concerns supporting chemistry teachers in overcoming the challenges with SSI and ESD they face in their work. The second task is to ensure that students are more often provided with more relevant and flexible chemistry content and studying methods.

This study investigated the effect of visual anthropomorphic stories on students’ understanding of the particulate nature of matter and their level of anthropomorphic discourse. This study employed a quasi-experimental research design with pretest and posttest control groups. Science activities supported by visual anthropomorphic stories were conducted in the experimental group, and the 2018–2019 science curriculum was implemented in the control group. Two measurement tools, which included a ‘two-tier diagnostic test for the particulate nature of matter’ and an ‘a(chǎn)nthropomorphic discourse usage-level test for the atomic concept’, were used. Consequently, this study showed that the anthropomorphic discourse scores were statistically significant in favor of the students in the experimental group, while their scientific explanation scores were statistically significant in favor of students in the control group. That is, the science activities supported by visual anthropomorphic stories further developed students' anthropomorphic discourse in the experimental group but could not sufficiently develop their scientific explanations. Additionally, this study showed that the scores of the ‘positive tendency’ taxonomy on the particulate nature of matter for the students in both groups were close to each other, but their scores of the ‘negative tendency’ taxonomy were statistically significant differences in favour of the control group. Namely, science activities supported by visual anthropomorphic stories could help students in well understanding concepts of the particulate nature of matter.

The years between 2005 and 2014 have been declared as a worldwide Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) by the United Nations. DESD's intended purpose is to promote and more thoroughly focus education as a crucial tool preparing young people to be responsible future citizens, so that our future generations can shape society in a sustainable manner. All educational levels and domains are to be involved in contributing to ESD , including chemistry. This paper reflects upon the meaning of the UN's challenge and on what ESD pedagogy will mean for chemistry education. Additionally, it provides an overview of different models suggesting how such integration of sustainability issues can be compatible with chemistry education. Various consequences and implications arising from this approach will also be discussed.

The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether dyslexic students encounter difficulties with the use of chemical formulae, in particular structural formulae. Two groups of final-year, upper secondary students (grade 12) were studied: a control group, consisting of 32 normal learners (17 boys and 15 girls), and an experimental group of 5 dyslexic students (3 boys and 2 girls). All students had to solve numerical exercises on colligative properties. In each exercise, a student had to replace in the corresponding colligative-property equation the value of the molecular weight of the solute. Molecular weight had to be determined either from the molecular formula or from the structural formula of the compound. The findings of the study showed that dyslexic pupils had lower scores in the reading of both molecular and structural formulae. The wrong estimation of molecular weights resulted from: (a) omission of atoms; (b) omission of subscripts; (c) misreading them. The findings indicate that, if there are dyslexic students in a class, we must be very cautions with the use of chemical formulae. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. Eur.: 2000, 1, 277-280]

Secondary science education plays a key role in students’ process to become scientifically literate citizens. However, teaching students to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to deal with complex societal issues is challenging. This paper reports about a study in which Scrum – a methodology to manage complex projects – was implemented in secondary chemistry classrooms to increase students’ conceptual understanding as well as their critical scientific literacy. A quasi-experimental design was used with 198 Grade 11 students from eight different classes. The experimental condition (99 students, 4 classes, 25 groups with 3 or 4 students, 2 teachers) used Scrum methodology during a context-based course on Green Chemistry. The comparison condition (99 students, 4 classes, 29 groups of 3 or 4 students, 3 teachers) completed the same module about Green Chemistry, without using Scrum methodology. At the end of the course students formulated a written advice on the greenest synthesis of adipic acid. A pre-test on prior knowledge of Green Chemistry principles and a post-test on conceptual understanding of the chemistry concepts involved were administered. In addition, the Standard Observed Learning Outcomes taxonomy (SOLO) was used to analyse the quality of the written advices as a measure for students’ critical scientific literacy. Students from the experimental condition outperformed their peers from the comparison condition in their conceptual understanding. Moreover, the quality of the advices of students from the experimental condition were rated higher than the quality of advices of students in the comparison condition. These findings are discussed and connected to Scrum methodology as teaching approach to scaffold both students’ conceptual understanding and its potential to promote the development of their critical scientific literacy.

Correction for ‘Video reports as a novel alternate assessment in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory’ by Mitzy A. Erdmann and Joe L. March, Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. , 2014, 15 , 650–657.

The aim of this study was to design a novel and holistic way to teach chemical bonding at the middle school level according to research on the teaching and learning of bonding. A further aim was to investigate high achieving middle school students' conceptual structures concerning chemical bonding by using a systemic perspective. Students in one metropolitan area middle school were introduced to this newly designed model and their conceptual structures were studied by a clinical interview ( n = 8) at the time when the students were concluding their studies at the middle school. The interview data were analysed by employing a systemic perspective on conceptual structures. Elements of conceptual structures such as concepts, simple models (mnemonic devices), explaining schemas, attributes and hypothesis constructs were identified and coded. Connections between the knowledge elements were also identified. An understanding of these connections helps to illuminate which components are necessary to build an adequate conceptual structure. The study revealed that applying principles relating to Coulombic interaction to understand chemical bonding requires the simultaneous appreciation of several factors: First, electron shells have to be understood in terms of energy levels. Second, the distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus has to be understood on the basis of electron shell construction. On the other hand, the effective nuclear charge also needs to be taken into account. The study introduces two new points of view to chemistry education research (CER): (1) a teaching model of chemical bonding that emphasises electric interaction as the background of most bonding types was developed in the study. This responds to the identified need in CER to test alternative teaching models that avoid the octet framework. (2) In the field of chemistry education research, a systemic approach has not previously been widely used for the examination of conceptual structures. In addition, the systemic perception of the network structure, which consists of these constructions, helps to explain in more detail the relationship between the separate concepts and the constructions and their significance as a whole.

We developed an online learning module called “Organic Mechanisms: Mastering the Arrows” to help students learn part of organic chemistry's language—the electron-pushing formalism. The module guides students to learn and practice the electron-pushing formalism using a combination of interactive videos, questions with instant feedback, and metacognitive skill-building opportunities. This module is part of OrgChem101.com, an open educational resource (OER) that houses a series of learning modules. To evaluate the mechanism module's effects on students’ learning and experiences, we offered a workshop during which undergraduate students used the module. We investigated their learning gains via a pre-test and post-test format and their experiences using a survey. Analysis of responses revealed significant learning gains between the pre- and post-test, especially with questions that asked students to draw the products of a reaction. After using the learning tool, students used more analysis strategies, such as mapping, attempted more questions, and made fewer errors. The students reported positive experiences and a belief that the module would help them in their organic chemistry courses. Previous work also identified greater metacognitive skills after using the module, related to the module's intended learning outcomes. Herein, we describe the module, evaluation study, findings, and implications for research and practice.

That different levels of representation are important for complete understanding of chemistry is an accepted fact in the chemistry education community. This study sought to uncover types of representations used in given physical chemistry textbooks. Textbooks play a central role in the teaching and learning of science (chemistry), and in some cases textbooks are the curriculum (Chiappetta and Fillman, 2007; Gkitzia et al. , 2011). The books are not only central to instructors' curriculum; they are also a major resource for students' reference especially outside of class. Using a coding rubric developed by Gkitzia et al. (2011), the physical chemistry textbooks were analyzed to determine at what level(s) the included representations conveyed chemistry content. Representations were also analyzed for their characteristics or features. Results indicate that the analyzed texts contain at least one representation on 95% of the sampled pages and, on average each page contains about 1.4 representations. The vast majority of the representations are symbolic level representations, accounting for about 85% of representations. Particulate or submicroscopic representations were in a slightly higher proportion than macroscopic and multiple representations, but these collectively only accounted for about 15% of the representations in the textbooks. Our results indicate no significant difference in the types of representations used in textbooks for chemistry and life science majors. Across editions of a number of textbooks, there does not seem to be a difference in the type and proportion of representations used. An analysis of the representations showed that virtually all were completely related to the accompanying text, had surface features that were clear and explicit, and captions were concise, explicit and completely described associated representations. Implications of our findings to the chemistry education community are described.

This paper attempts to draw together students’ interaction with an organic chemistry module on Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) (Moodle), their interaction with another learning support (Drop-in Science Clinic), the approach they have adopted to their learning of chemistry and their performance in the terminal end of year chemistry examination. It discusses student trends of usage of the VLE and relates this to their examination success. Their performance in the organic section of the examination is compared to that of the physical chemistry section in which the students’ did not have VLE support materials. Students’ usage patterns for accessing resources on Moodle were analysed. Interesting patterns of first access are shown. In general, those who interacted with the resources on Moodle did better in their terminal examinations, showing that students who were conscientious in their studies did better in their examinations. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 2007, 8 (4), 390-402.]