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We report a method to reliably and efficiently fabricate high-fidelity metallic structures from a ten-nanometer to a millimeter scale based on an anti-ultrasonic-stripping (AUS) effect in confined micro/nanoscale cavities. With this AUS effect, metallic structures, which are surrounded by the pre-patterned closed templates, could be defined through selectively removing the evaporated metallic layer at the top and outside of the templates by ultrasonic-cavitation-induced stripping. Because only pre-patterned templates are required for exposure in this multiscale patterning process, this AUS-based process enables much smaller and more reliable plasmonic nanogaps due to the mitigated proximity effect and allows rapid fabrication of multiscale metallic structures which require both tiny and large structures. With unprecedented efficiency and resolution down to a ten-nanometer scale, various metallic structures were fabricated using this AUS-effect-based multiscale patterning process. This AUS effect paves the way for direct writing of metallic structures with a high resolution over a large area for practical applications in plasmonics and nanogap-based electronics.

It is unmistakably paradoxical that the most vulnerable aspect of the photoactive organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite is its instability against light. Why and how perovskites break down under light irradiation and what happens at the atomistic level of these materials during the degradation process still remain unanswered. In this paper, we found the culprit and verified the mechanism for the irreversible degradation of hybrid perovskite materials from our experimental investigation and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation. We initially found that the electrostatic charges generated by light irradiation and trapped along the grain boundaries of the perovskite crystal result in oxygen-induced irreversible degradation in dry air. This result, together with our previous experimental finding on the same critical role of trapped charges in the perovskite degradation under moisture, suggests that the trapped charges are the main culprit in both the oxygen- and moisture-induced degradation of perovskite materials. Detailed roles of oxygen and water molecules were investigated using AIMD simulation by tracking the atomic motions in the outermost layers of the oxygen- or water-covered methylammonium lead triiodide (denoted MAPbI 3 for CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) perovskite crystal with trapped charges. In the first few picoseconds of our simulation, trapped charges start disrupting the crystal structure, leading to a short-range interaction between oxygen or water molecules and the compositional ions of MAPbI 3 . We found that there exist different degradation pathways depending on both the polarity of the trapped charge and the kind of gas molecule. We also verified that a more structurally stable, multi-component perovskite material (with the composition of MA 0.6 FA 0.4 PbI 2.9 Br 0.1 ) showed much stronger resistance against light-induced degradation than MAPbI 3 even in 100%-oxygen ambience or humid air.

Due to their features of low cost, good corrosion resistance and environmental friendliness, transition metal oxides/nitrides are among the most promising materials for energy storage and conversion. Meanwhile, graphitic carbon nitride is a non-metallic polymer that has been widely used in the environmental and energy conversion fields due to its abundant precursor species and simple process of synthesis. In this study, an amorphous carbon nitride/NiO/CoN-based composite (Ni–Co–CN) is in situ fabricated via simple one-step pyrolysis; it displays high capacitive performance and efficient electrocatalytic capability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Specifically, the optimized Ni–Co–CN electrode shows an ultra-high areal specific capacitance of 18.8 F cm ?2 at 2 mA cm ?2 in 3 M KOH electrolyte, and it retains 91.4% of its areal specific capacitance even after 10?000 cycles of CV scans. Upon being used as an electrocatalyst in the OER process, the overpotential of Ni–Co–CN can reach 195 mV versus a reference hydrogen electrode (RHE) at 10 mA cm ?2 , which is far lower than those of most reported Ni/Co-based catalysts. Additionally, the potential loss of Ni–Co–CN electrode is less than 1% after a long-term durability test over 60 h. The experimental results integrated with density functional theoretical calculations reveal that the excellent performance of the Ni–Co–CN self-supported electrode can be ascribed to the fast redox reduction of multi-valent transition metal ions, abundant surface defects and plentiful nano-scaled porous structures. This work provides a promising strategy for exploring methods to combine economic Ni/Co-based compounds with carbon-based materials to obtain low-cost yet efficient electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion.

We employ a ZnO nanorod /Si 3 N 4 -coated Si microgroove-based hierarchical structure (HS) for a light-harvesting scheme in 5 inch single crystalline Si solar cells. ZnO nanorods and Si microgrooves were fabricated by a simple and scalable aqueous process. The excellent light-harvesting characteristics of the HS, such as broadband working ranges and omnidirectionality have been demonstrated using external quantum efficiencies and reflectance measurements. The solar cells with the hierarchical surface exhibit excellent photovoltaic characteristics, i.e. , a short-circuit current ( J SC ) of 38.45 mA cm ?2 , open-circuit voltage of 609 mV and conversion efficiency of 14.04%. As incident angles increase from 0° to 60°, only 5.3% J SC loss is achieved by employing the hierarchical surface, demonstrating the enhanced omnidirectional photovoltaic performances, also confirmed by the theoretical analysis. A viable scheme for broadband and omnidirectional light harvesting using the HS employing microscale/nanoscale surface textures on single crystalline Si solar cells has been demonstrated.

Accurate detection and imaging of low-abundance microRNA (miRNA) in living cells are essential for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Designing nanoprobes with resistance to enzyme degradation, effective cell-binding, and efficient signal amplification is crucial for in vivo imaging. In this study, we present an aptamer-tethered DNA origami amplifier (ADOA) that functions inside living cells to detect miRNA with high sensitivity and stability. In the design, cancer cell-targeting aptamers were tethered onto the border of the DNA origami to improve the discrimination between cancer cells and normal cells. Two substrate modules for the intramolecular entropy-driven reaction (EDR) circuit were alternately arranged on the DNA origami plane. The target miRNA will initiate the sequential hybridization of the two substrate modules on the DNA origami, generating amplified fluorescence signals. The proposed ADOA achieved an accelerated cascade reaction due to the “confinement effect” and significantly enhanced the sensitivity compared with a traditional EDR. Meanwhile, with the rigid structure of the DNA origami, the ADOA possessed excellent signalling stability in living cells. Therefore, the ADOA could expand the application of DNA origami in miRNA sensing and has potential value in early-stage clinical diagnosis.

Mesoporous metal structures featuring a bicontinuous cubic morphology have a wide range of potential applications and novel opto-electronic properties, often orientation-dependent. We describe the production of nanostructured metal films 1–2 microns thick featuring 3D-periodic ‘single diamond’ morphology that show high out-of-plane alignment, with the (111) plane oriented parallel to the substrate. These are produced by electrodeposition of platinum through a lipid cubic phase (Q II ) template. Further investigation into the mechanism for the orientation revealed the surprising result that the Q II template, which is tens of microns thick, is polydomain with no overall orientation. When thicker platinum films are grown, they also show increased orientational disorder. These results suggest that polydomain Q II samples display a region of uniaxial orientation at the lipid/substrate interface up to approximately 2.8 ± 0.3 μm away from the solid surface. Our approach gives previously unavailable information on the arrangement of cubic phases at solid interfaces, which is important for many applications of Q II phases. Most significantly, we have produced a previously unreported class of oriented nanomaterial, with potential applications including metamaterials and lithographic masks.

The combination of various desired physical properties greatly extends the applicability of materials. Magnetic materials are generally mechanically soft, yet the combination of high mechanical hardness and ferromagnetic properties is highly sought after. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline manganese boride, CrB-type MnB, using the high-pressure and high-temperature method in a large volume press. CrB-type MnB shares the specificity of large numbers of unpaired electrons of manganese ions and strong covalent boron zigzag chains. Thus, manganese mono-boride exhibits “strong” ferromagnetic, magnetocaloric behavior, and possesses high Vickers hardness. We demonstrate that zigzag boron chains in this structure not only play a pivotal role in strengthening mechanical properties but also tuning the exchange correlations between manganese atoms. Nontoxic and Earth-abundant CrB-type MnB is much more incompressible and tougher than traditional ferromagnetic materials. The unique combination of high mechanical hardness, magnetism, and electrical conductivity properties makes it a particularly promising candidate for a wide range of applications.

Activated carbon nanodots functionalized with acid anhydride groups ( AA-CNDs ) are prepared by one-pot water-free green thermolysis of citric acid. As a proof of concept of their capabilities as appealing and versatile platforms for accessing engineering nanoconstructs, the as-prepared AA-CNDs have been reacted to yield clickable CNDs. Their click bioconjugation with relevant recognizable complementary clickable sugars has led to multivalent CND-based glyconanoparticles that are non-toxic and biorecognizable. The accessibility and intrinsic reactivity of AA-CNDs expand the current toolbox of covalent surface grafting methodologies and provide a wide range of potential applications for engineering (bio)nanoconstructs.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy of the liver worldwide and surgical resection remains the most effective treatment. However, it is still a great challenge to locate small lesions and define the border of diffused HCC even with the help of preoperative imaging examination. Here, we reported a rare-earth-doped nanoparticle NaGdF 4 :Nd 5%@NaGdF 4 @Lips (named Gd-REs@Lips), which simultaneously performed powerful functions in both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and second near-infrared fluorescence window imaging (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm). Imaging studies on orthotopic models with xenografts established from HCC patients indicated that Gd-REs@Lips efficiently worked as a T 2 -weighted imaging contrast agent to increase the signal intensity difference between liver cancer tissues and surrounding normal liver tissues on MRI, and it can also serve as a negative NIR-II imaging contrast enabling the precise detection of liver cancer. More importantly, benefiting from the high sensitivity of NIR-II imaging, Gd-REs@Lips allowed the visualization of tiny metastasis lesions (2 mm) on the liver surface. It is expected that the dual NIR-II/MRI modal nanoprobe developed holds high potential to fill the gap between the preoperative imaging detection of cancer lesions and intra-operative guidance, and it further brings new opportunities to address HCC-related medical challenges.

The luminescence intensity of near-infrared (NIR) emitting lanthanide nanoparticles (LnNPs) is usually limited, owing to their small absorption cross section. Although dye sensitization has been proven to be an effective way to improve the luminescence intensity of LnNPs, the sensitization effect is fairly limited, owing to the simplicity of the sensitizers used and the complexity of the energy transfer process, typically involving three steps. In this study, a more efficient sensitizer (Cy7) was chosen to replace a commonly used one (ICG) and the energy transfer process was also optimized through using Yb 3+ ions as emitter ions and Nd 3+ ions as intermediate ions. With Cy7 as a sensitizer, the sensitization effect was assessed to be better than with ICG, owing to the higher quantum yield of Cy7. Meanwhile, the Cy7-sensitized NIR lanthanide nanomaterial was proven to be good for deep tissue penetration and low-power excitation bioimaging. Furthermore, the highly-enhanced NIR signal was successfully used in blood vessel imaging and fluorescence-guided peritumoral lymph node dissection in a mouse model.