Multifunctional catalysts are a class of highly versatile and efficient chemical substances designed to accelerate the rate of complex reactions while maintaining stability under various conditions. These catalysts can operate in multiple phases, such as solid-liquid or gas-solid interfaces, offering enhanced selectivity and activity compared to traditional single-phase catalysts. By promoting chemical transformations across different reaction environments, multifunctional catalysts find applications in a wide range of industries including petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and environmental remediation. Their ability to facilitate reactions under milder conditions with lower energy consumption makes them particularly attractive for sustainable chemical processes. Due to their diverse functionalities and broad applicability, multifunctional catalysts play a critical role in driving innovation and efficiency in modern chemistry and industrial processes.