• 1. Establishing plasmon contribution to chemical reactions: alkoxyamines as a thermal probe?
  Olga Guselnikova,Gérard Audran,Jean-Patrick Joly,Andrii Trelin,Evgeny V. Tretyakov,Vaclav Svorcik,Oleksiy Lyutakov,Sylvain R. A. Marque Chem. Sci., 2021,12, 4154-4161
• 2. Excitation energies from ground-state density-functionals by means of generator coordinates
  A. B. F. da Silva,K. Capelle Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2009,11, 4564-4569
• 3. Emergence of cationic polyamine dendrimersomes: design, stimuli sensitivity and potential biomedical applications
  Partha Laskar,Christine Dufès Nanoscale Adv., 2021,3, 6007-6026
• 4. Dissociation of aryl sulfonyl phthalimide radical anions: relevance to the biological activity of arylsulfonyl amides?
  Abdelaziz Houmam,Emad M. Hamed Chem. Commun., 2012,48, 11328-11330
• 5. Emulsifier-free, organotellurium-mediated living radical emulsion polymerization (emulsion TERP) of styrene: poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) macro-TERP agent?
  Yukiya Kitayama Polym. Chem., 2014,5, 2784-2792

• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Naphthofurans Naphthofurans
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Naphthofurans
• Sesquiterpenoids
• Other Chemical Reagents

Atractylenolide I (CAS No. 73069-13-3): A Comprehensive Overview of Its Chemical Properties and Emerging Biological Applications

Atractylenolide I, identified by its unique CAS No. 73069-13-3, is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone primarily found in certain species of the genus Atractylis. This compound has garnered significant attention in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry and natural product research due to its diverse biological activities and structural complexity. Over the years, extensive studies have been conducted to elucidate its chemical framework, biosynthetic pathways, and pharmacological effects, making it a subject of intense interest for researchers aiming to develop novel therapeutic agents.

The chemical structure of Atractylenolide I features a characteristic γ-lactone ring fused with a diene system, contributing to its unique reactivity and biological interactions. Its molecular formula, C₁₅H₂₀O₃, underscores its sesquiterpene nature, a class of terpenoids known for their structural diversity and pharmacological significance. The presence of multiple stereocenters in its molecular backbone makes Atractylenolide I a challenging yet fascinating molecule for synthetic chemists and pharmacologists alike.

Recent advancements in spectroscopic techniques and computational chemistry have enabled researchers to gain deeper insights into the conformational dynamics and electronic properties of Atractylenolide I. These studies have revealed that the compound exhibits significant flexibility in its three-dimensional structure, which is likely to influence its binding affinity to biological targets. Such structural insights are crucial for designing derivatives with enhanced pharmacological properties, a key consideration in drug development pipelines.

Beyond its structural complexity, Atractylenolide I has been extensively studied for its biological activities. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, with mechanisms involving modulation of cytokine production and inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that Atractylenolide I may possess neuroprotective properties, making it a promising candidate for the development of therapies targeting neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

The biosynthetic pathway of Atractylenolide I remains an area of active research. Studies indicate that this compound is derived from farnesyl pyrophosphate through a series of enzymatic reactions involving terpene synthases and lactonases. Understanding these biosynthetic steps not only provides insights into the metabolic pathways of the producing organisms but also opens avenues for biotechnological applications, such as engineered microbial strains capable of producing Atractylenolide I on an industrial scale.

In recent years, the pharmacokinetic profile of Atractylenolide I has been thoroughly investigated to assess its potential as a therapeutic agent. Studies using animal models have revealed that the compound exhibits moderate oral bioavailability and prolonged half-life, suggesting its feasibility for clinical applications. However, challenges such as poor solubility and rapid metabolism remain significant hurdles that need to be addressed through structural modifications or formulation innovations.

The synthetic chemistry of Atractylenolide I has seen remarkable progress, with multiple total synthesis approaches reported in the literature. These synthetic strategies not only provide access to pure samples for biological testing but also offer valuable insights into the stereochemical aspects of the molecule. Notably, recent reports have highlighted novel catalytic methods for constructing the key lactone ring moiety, demonstrating the evolving landscape of synthetic methodologies in natural product chemistry.

Given its promising biological activities and structural complexity, Atractylenolide I continues to be a subject of intense interest in medicinal chemistry. Ongoing research efforts are focused on identifying new derivatives with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. Additionally, computational modeling techniques are being employed to predict novel binding interactions between Atractylenolide I and potential drug targets, accelerating the discovery process.

The ecological significance of Atractylenolide I extends beyond its pharmaceutical applications. This compound plays a role in the defense mechanisms of its producing plants against herbivores and pathogens. Understanding these ecological interactions not only enriches our knowledge of natural product chemistry but also provides inspiration for developing sustainable agricultural practices.

In conclusion, Atractylenolide I (CAS No. 73069-13-3) represents a fascinating molecule with a rich chemical profile and diverse biological activities. The combination of cutting-edge synthetic methodologies, advanced analytical techniques, and preclinical studies continues to unveil new possibilities for harnessing this natural product's potential in medicine and beyond. As research progresses, it is anticipated that further insights into the structure-activity relationships will pave the way for innovative therapeutic applications.

• 90332-92-6(Naphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(4H)-one,4a,5,6,7,8,8ahexahydro- 5-hydroxy-3,5,8a-trimethyl-,(4aR,5R,8aR)-)
• 80417-97-6(2(4H)-Benzofuranone,5,6-dihydro-3,6-dimethyl-)
• 78749-47-0(Shizukanolide C)
• 69912-70-5(1H-Naphtho[1',2':5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]furan-4-carboxylicacid, 2,3,4,4a,5,6,9,11,12,12b-decahydro-4,12b-dimethyl-9-oxo-, (4S,4aR,12bS)-)
• 142797-35-1(Levistolide A)
• 66395-02-6((4aS,5aS,6aR,6bS)-3,6b-dimethyl-5-methylidene-4a,5,5a,6,6a,6b-hexahydrocyclopropa[2,3]indeno[5,6-b]furan-2(4H)-one)
• 32810-35-8(Naphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(4H)-one,4a,5,6,8a-tetrahydro-3,8a-dimethyl-5-methylene-, (4aS,8aS)-)
• 20489-24-1(Ligularenolide)
• 75640-26-5(2(4H)-Benzofuranone,5,6-dihydro-3,6-dimethyl-, (6R)-)
• 88182-33-6(levistolide A)