• 1. Fast-pulsing NMR techniques for the detection of weak interactions: successful natural abundance probe of hydrogen bonds in peptides?
  Amandine Altmayer-Henzien,Valérie Declerck,David J. Aitken,Ewen Lescop,Denis Merlet,Jonathan Farjon Org. Biomol. Chem., 2013,11, 7611-7615
• 2. Fe3O4 nanoparticle chains with N-doped carbon coating: magnetotactic bacteria assisted synthesis and high-rate lithium storage?
  Dan Yang,Yanping Zhou,Xianhong Rui,Jixin Zhu,Ziyang Lu,Eileen Fong,Qingyu Yan RSC Adv., 2013,3, 14960-14962
• 3. Fatty acid eutectic mixtures and derivatives from non-edible animal fat as phase change materials?
  Pau Gallart-Sirvent,Marc Martín,Gemma Villorbina,Mercè Balcells,Aran Solé,Luisa F. Cabeza,Ramon Canela-Garayoa RSC Adv., 2017,7, 24133-24139
• 4. Empowering microfluidics by micro-3D printing and solution-based mineral coating?
  Hongxia Li,Aikifa Raza,Qiaoyu Ge,Jin-You Lu,TieJun Zhang Soft Matter, 2020,16, 6841-6849
• 5. Emergence of microfluidic wearable technologies
  Joo Chuan Yeo,Kenry Lab Chip, 2016,16, 4082-4090

• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
• Other Chemical Reagents Organic Metal Reagents
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Acids/Esters

Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate (CAS No. 6106-21-4): An Overview of Its Properties, Applications, and Recent Research

Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate (CAS No. 6106-21-4) is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, food science, and chemical synthesis. This compound is a hydrated form of disodium succinate, characterized by its high solubility in water and its ability to form stable complexes with various metal ions. In this comprehensive overview, we will delve into the chemical properties, applications, and recent research advancements related to Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate.

Chemical Properties

Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate has the molecular formula C₄H₆Na₂O₄·6H₂O and a molecular weight of 258.13 g/mol. It is a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water, making it an ideal choice for aqueous solutions and formulations. The compound is stable under normal conditions but may decompose at high temperatures or in strongly acidic or basic environments. The hexahydrate form ensures that the compound remains stable and retains its crystalline structure even in humid conditions.

The chemical structure of Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate consists of a succinate ion (C₄H₄O₄^2-) with two sodium ions (Na⁺) and six water molecules (H₂O). The succinate ion is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), which plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism. The presence of sodium ions enhances the compound's solubility and stability, making it suitable for various applications.

Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate has found extensive use in the pharmaceutical industry due to its unique properties. It is often used as a buffering agent in drug formulations to maintain pH stability, ensuring that the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remain effective and stable over time. Additionally, its high solubility makes it an excellent choice for injectable solutions and oral suspensions.

In biotechnology, Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate is used as a carbon source in microbial fermentation processes. It provides essential nutrients for the growth and metabolism of microorganisms, leading to higher yields of desired products such as enzymes, antibiotics, and biofuels. Recent studies have also explored its potential as a precursor for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers and other biomaterials.

Succinate Metabolism and Its Role in Cellular Processes

The succinate ion, which is a key component of Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate, plays a vital role in cellular metabolism. It serves as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, where it undergoes oxidation to form fumarate. This process generates ATP, the primary energy currency of cells. Recent research has highlighted the importance of succinate in various cellular processes beyond energy production.

Succinate has been shown to act as a signaling molecule in inflammation and immune responses. Studies have demonstrated that elevated levels of succinate can activate immune cells and promote inflammatory pathways. This finding has significant implications for understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

In addition to its role in inflammation, succinate has been implicated in hypoxia signaling. Under hypoxic conditions, succinate accumulates due to reduced mitochondrial activity and can activate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), leading to adaptive responses such as angiogenesis and glycolytic metabolism. These insights have opened new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting succinate metabolism.

Safety Considerations and Regulatory Status

Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used within specified limits. It is non-toxic and non-irritating at typical usage levels, making it suitable for use in food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

To ensure safety and compliance with regulatory standards, manufacturers must adhere to good manufacturing practices (GMP) and conduct thorough quality control testing. This includes analyzing the purity, stability, and potential impurities of the compound to ensure that it meets the required specifications.

Sustainability and Environmental Impact

The production of Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate can be made more sustainable through green chemistry principles. Recent advancements in biocatalysis have enabled the efficient synthesis of succinic acid from renewable feedstocks such as biomass-derived sugars. This approach not only reduces dependence on fossil fuels but also minimizes environmental impact by lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition to sustainable production methods, the biodegradability of succinic acid derivatives makes them attractive for eco-friendly applications. For example, biodegradable polymers derived from succinic acid can be used in packaging materials, reducing plastic waste and promoting circular economy practices.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

The versatility of Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate continues to drive innovation across multiple industries. Ongoing research aims to uncover new applications and optimize existing ones through advanced synthesis methods and formulation strategies. As our understanding of succinate metabolism deepens, we can expect novel therapeutic approaches targeting this important metabolic intermediate.

In conclusion, Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate (CAS No. 6106-21-4) is a valuable compound with diverse applications ranging from pharmaceuticals to biotechnology. Its unique chemical properties make it an indispensable component in various formulations and processes. By staying abreast of the latest research developments and adhering to regulatory standards, we can continue to harness the full potential of this versatile compound while ensuring safety and sustainability.

• 286367-68-8(Butanoic-2,4-13C2 acid,sodium salt (9CI))
• 286367-75-7(Butanoic-13C4 acid,sodium salt (9CI))
• 156-54-7(Sodium butyrate)
• 502-85-2(SODIUM 4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)
• 150-90-3(Disodium succinate)
• 270564-49-3(Sodium Butyrate-d7)
• 286367-62-2(Butanoic-2-13C acid,sodium salt (9CI))
• 204244-79-1(Sodium Butyrate-3,3,4,4,4-d5)
• 14047-56-4(succinic acid, sodium salt)
• 2922-54-5(Sodium 3-carboxypropanoate)