• 1. 6-O-Nucleotidyltransferase: an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme specific for streptomycin/streptidine
  Montserrat Latorre,Julia Revuelta,Eduardo García-Junceda,Agatha Bastida Med. Chem. Commun. 2016 7 177
• 2. Tuning the adhesive geometry of neurons: length and polarity control
  Caterina Tomba,Céline Bra?ni,Beilun Wu,Nir S. Gov,Catherine Villard Soft Matter 2014 10 2381
• 3. A novel electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of streptomycin based on gold nanoparticle-functionalized magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nanoporous PtTi alloy
  Yan Yin,Xiaoli Qin,Qianchao Wang,Yin Yin RSC Adv. 2016 6 39401
• 4. Gold nanoparticles make chitosan–streptomycin conjugates effective towards Gram-negative bacterial biofilm
  Haibo Mu,Qianjin Liu,Hong Niu,Yuelin Sun,Jinyou Duan RSC Adv. 2016 6 8714
• 5. A regular “signal attenuation” electrochemical aptasensor for highly sensitive detection of streptomycin
  Junling Yin,Wenjuan Guo,Xiaoli Qin,Meishan Pei,Luyan Wang,Feng Ding New J. Chem. 2016 40 9711

• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organic oxygen compounds Organooxygen compounds Aminosaccharides
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organic oxygen compounds Organooxygen compounds Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates Aminosaccharides

Streptomycin A (CAS No. 57-92-1): A Pioneering Aminoglycoside Antibiotic in Modern Medicine

Streptomycin A, identified by its CAS No. 57-92-1, is a cornerstone in the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics and remains one of the most historically significant antimicrobial agents in clinical and research settings. Discovered in 1943 by Selman Waksman and his team from the Streptomyces griseus bacterium, this compound revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly tuberculosis (TB), during the mid-20th century. Its unique chemical structure and mechanism of action have since inspired extensive research into novel derivatives and therapeutic applications.

Chemically, Streptomycin A is a complex molecule composed of a streptidine ring, a streptose sugar, and an N-methylglucosamine ring, linked through glycosidic bonds to form a tricyclic framework. This structural arrangement enables its high specificity for bacterial ribosomes, particularly the 30S subunit, where it disrupts protein synthesis by inducing misreading of mRNA codons. The compound’s ability to inhibit bacterial growth through irreversible binding to ribosomal RNA has made it a critical tool in combating Gram-negative pathogens such as *Escherichia coli*, *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, and *Proteus species*.

Recent advancements in microbiology have reinvigorated interest in Streptomycin A due to its potential role in addressing antibiotic resistance challenges. Studies published in *Nature Microbiology* (2023) highlight how modified streptomycin analogs can overcome resistance mechanisms mediated by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), which are prevalent in multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Researchers at the University of Tokyo have developed lipid-conjugated derivatives that enhance cellular uptake while reducing nephrotoxicity—a common side effect associated with prolonged use of traditional aminoglycosides.

In addition to its classical antimicrobial properties, emerging evidence suggests that Streptomycin A exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of macrophage activity. A 2024 study in *Cell Reports* demonstrated that low-dose streptomycin administration suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine release in murine models of sepsis, opening new avenues for its use as an adjunct therapy in inflammatory diseases. These findings align with ongoing clinical trials exploring its efficacy in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

The synthesis and production of Streptomycin A have also seen significant innovation. Traditional fermentation-based methods using *S. griseus* remain the primary industrial approach, but recent biotechnological advances—such as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated strain engineering—have improved yield efficiency by up to 40%. For example, researchers at ETH Zurich engineered a hyper-producing strain with enhanced precursor availability for the key biosynthetic enzyme streptidine synthase, streamlining large-scale manufacturing processes.

Environmental applications of Streptomycin A are another area of growing interest. Field trials conducted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 2023 showed that controlled application of streptomycin-based biopesticides reduced bacterial blight incidence in rice crops by 65%, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic agrochemicals. This aligns with global efforts to promote sustainable agriculture while mitigating the spread of antibiotic resistance genes through agricultural runoff.

Despite its long history, Streptomycin A continues to be a subject of cutting-edge research due to its structural versatility and biological activity profile. For instance, nanotechnology-based delivery systems—such as polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating streptomycin—are being investigated for targeted drug delivery in chronic infections like osteomyelitis or biofilm-associated diseases. These innovations aim to improve pharmacokinetic profiles while minimizing systemic toxicity.

In summary, CAS No. 57-92-1 (Streptomycin A) exemplifies how foundational discoveries can evolve alongside scientific progress. From its role as a first-line TB treatment to its emerging applications in inflammation management and agricultural biotechnology, this compound remains a vital asset for both human health and environmental sustainability.

• 6835-00-3(Hydroxystreptomycin)
• 77093-29-9(D-Streptamine,O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-a-L-glucopyranosyl-(1®2)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-a-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1®4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-, labeled with tritium(9CI))
• 123482-11-1(D-Streptamine,O-2-C-carboxypentofuranosyl-(1®4)-O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-a-L-glucopyranosyl-(1®2)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-a-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1®4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)- (9CI))
• 15493-35-3(Streptomycin calcium chloride)
• 100759-54-4(D-Streptamine, O-a-D-mannopyranosyl-(1®6)-O-b-D-mannopyranosyl-(1®4)-O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-a-L-glucopyranosyl-(1®2)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-a-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1®4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-(9CI))
• 6160-32-3(streptomycin hydrochloride)
• 28979-71-7(4-O-[2-O-[4-O-β-D-Mannopyranosyl-2-(methylamino)-2-deoxy-α-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-formyl-α-L-lyxofuranosyl]-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine)
• 126-05-6(L-Lyxose,5-deoxy-2-O-[2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-a-L-glucopyranosyl]-3-C-formyl-)
• 128-45-0(D-Streptamine, O-b-D-mannopyranosyl-(1®4)-O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)-a-L-glucopyranosyl-(1®2)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-a-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1®4)-N1,N3-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-)
• 73600-89-2(3-amino-5,9,12,13,14-pentahydroxy-8,10-dioxa-2,4-diazatetracyclo[7.3.1.1~7,11~.0~1,6~]tetradec-3-ene-14-carbaldehyde (non-preferred name))