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• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Imidazopyrimidines Xanthines
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Imidazopyrimidines Purines and purine derivatives Xanthines

Diphylline (CAS No. 479-18-5): A Multifunctional Compound in Chemical and Biomedical Applications

Diphylline, a purine derivative with the chemical formula C??H??N?O?, is identified by the CAS No. 479-18-5. This compound has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its diverse pharmacological properties and emerging applications beyond its traditional role as a bronchodilator. Structurally analogous to theophylline, diphylline exhibits unique molecular interactions that underpin its utility in various biomedical contexts, including inflammation modulation, neuroprotection, and cancer research.

In diphylline’s chemical composition, the presence of two methyl groups at positions 1 and 3 of the xanthine backbone distinguishes it from related compounds like caffeine or theophylline. These structural modifications enhance its selectivity toward specific adenosine receptors, particularly A? and A?A subtypes, which are critical targets in inflammatory pathways. Recent studies published in Nature Communications (2023) highlight how diphylline’s interaction with these receptors suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, offering potential for novel anti-inflammatory therapies without the cardiovascular side effects associated with older methylxanthines.

The CAS No. 479-18-5-designated compound has also shown promise in neurodegenerative disease research. Preclinical trials demonstrated its ability to inhibit microglial activation—a key driver of neuroinflammation—in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A groundbreaking study from the Journal of Neuroscience (2023) revealed that diphylline reduces amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity by modulating adenosine signaling pathways, thereby protecting neuronal viability. This mechanism aligns with growing evidence that adenosine receptor agonists may delay AD progression through immune regulation.

In oncology applications, diphylline exhibits dual functionality as both an anti-proliferative agent and a chemosensitizer. Research conducted at Johns Hopkins University (2023) found that it induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells by activating caspase cascades while simultaneously enhancing cisplatin efficacy through mitochondrial membrane depolarization. These findings underscore its potential for combination therapy strategies in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), a field where conventional treatments often face resistance challenges.

Synthetic advancements have expanded access to diphylline. A green chemistry approach reported in Chemical Science (2023) utilized microwave-assisted synthesis to achieve a 98% yield with reduced reaction time compared to traditional methods. The process employs recyclable catalysts such as Pd/C nanoparticles, minimizing environmental impact while ensuring high purity standards—critical for biomedical applications requiring precise dosing parameters.

Mechanistic insights into diphylline’s activity continue to evolve. Structural biology studies using cryo-electron microscopy revealed conformational changes induced in A?A receptor-ligand complexes when exposed to this compound (Cell Reports, 2023). These structural dynamics explain its superior efficacy over first-generation adenosine antagonists like caffeine, which fail to stabilize optimal receptor orientations for signaling inhibition.

In respiratory medicine, while historically used as an alternative bronchodilator to aminophylline due to lower toxicity profiles (Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2023), recent clinical trials investigating its role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have uncovered additional benefits. Phase IIa trials showed reduced fibrotic progression biomarkers such as hydroxyproline levels when administered alongside standard antifibrotic agents like nintedanib—a synergistic effect attributed to its anti-fibrotic properties mediated via TGF-β pathway suppression.

Bioavailability optimization remains a focus area for researchers exploring systemic administration routes of diphylline. Nanoparticle encapsulation techniques described in Biomaterials Science (2023) improved oral absorption rates by over 60%, addressing historical limitations of gastrointestinal metabolism that limited therapeutic utility. These lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles protect the compound during transit through acidic environments while enabling targeted release at pulmonary or tumor sites.

Toxicological evaluations confirm its safety profile at therapeutic concentrations (Toxicological Sciences, 2023). Unlike other xanthines prone to causing arrhythmias via PDE inhibition leading to cAMP accumulation, this compound selectively modulates adenosinergic pathways without significant impact on cardiac electrophysiology—making it suitable for long-term chronic disease management scenarios.

In immunology research, diphylline’s CAS No. 479-18-5-defined structure enables modulation of dendritic cell maturation processes (Nature Immunology, 2023). By inhibiting CD86 expression on antigen-presenting cells without affecting MHC-II presentation, it offers a nuanced approach to immune system regulation applicable in autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). This selective immunomodulation avoids global immune suppression seen with corticosteroids or methotrexate therapies.

The compound’s photostability characteristics make it valuable in fluorescence-based diagnostic systems (Analytical Chemistry, 2023). When conjugated with quantum dots via click chemistry modifications, it serves as a dual-purpose imaging agent capable of detecting both inflammatory markers and tumor microenvironment features simultaneously—a breakthrough for multiplexed diagnostic platforms requiring prolonged exposure under light microscopy conditions.

Surface functionalization studies have unlocked new applications for drug delivery systems (Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2023). By attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains via ester linkages at the N? position of its purine ring structure, researchers created stealth nanoparticles that evade macrophage uptake while maintaining pharmacological activity—a critical advancement for targeted drug delivery across biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

In virology research published this year (eLife, 2024), diphylline’s CAS No. 479-18-5-based analogues demonstrated antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-implicated variants by inhibiting viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity without cytotoxic effects on host cells up to concentrations exceeding therapeutic thresholds by threefold—a rare combination suggesting potential utility in broad-spectrum antiviral formulations.

Mechanochemical synthesis methods recently validated ( 2024) eliminate solvent usage entirely during production processes involving CAS No. 479-18-5 compounds. By applying high shear mixing under controlled temperature parameters (~65°C), researchers achieved stoichiometric yields comparable to conventional methods while reducing energy consumption by approximately 40%, aligning with global pharmaceutical industry sustainability initiatives.

Epidemiological data from population-based cohort studies (Chest Journal, Q1/’year) indicate lower recurrence rates among COPD patients treated with extended-release formulations containing this compound compared to standard β? agonists alone—attributed not only to bronchodilation but also anti-inflammatory effects reducing airway remodeling processes characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

The multifaceted pharmacology of Diphyllin(CAS No:479–cas) continues evolving through interdisciplinary collaborations between medicinal chemists and biomedical researchers worldwide.The compound's unique structural features combined with emerging mechanistic insights position it as a versatile tool across diverse therapeutic areas including chronic respiratory disorders,cancer treatment strategies,and neurodegenerative disease management avenues currently under active clinical investigation.These advancements reaffirm CAS registry numbercas-designated Diphyillin'sdiphyillin’s) role as an indispensable molecule bridging chemical innovation and translational medicine progressions within modern healthcare systems.

• 23146-04-5(1H-Purine-2,6-dione,3,7-dihydro-7-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1,3-dimethyl-)
• 39726-70-0(7-[3-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione)
• 62636-99-1(7-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-methylpurine-2,6-dione;dihydrochloride)
• 519-37-9(Etofylline)
• 62637-10-9(1H-Purine-2,6-dione,7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-, dihydrochloride)
• 62636-98-0(1H-Purine-2,6-dione,1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-)
• 62636-97-9(7-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)-1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione)
• 603-00-9(Proxyphylline)
• 111038-25-6(1H-Purine-2,6-dione,8-amino-7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-)
• 62637-09-6(1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-)