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• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Pyridines and derivatives Pyridines and derivatives
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Pyridines and derivatives

2-(2-Phenylethyl)Pyridine (CAS No. 2116-62-3): Chemical Properties, Synthesis, and Emerging Applications in Biomedical Research

2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine, a heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C₁₀H₁₅N and CAS registry number 2116-62-3, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its unique structural features and versatile applications in medicinal chemistry and materials science. This compound is characterized by a pyridine ring substituted at the 2-position with a benzyl group derived from phenethyl alcohol, forming a conjugated system that enhances its electronic properties and reactivity. Its molecular weight of approximately 147.4 g/mol places it within the range of small-molecule drugs, making it amenable to incorporation into complex pharmaceutical formulations.

The synthesis of C₁₀H₁₅N (CAS No. 2116-62-3) has evolved significantly since its initial preparation through Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions. Recent advancements reported in *Green Chemistry* (Smith et al., 20XX) highlight the use of microwave-assisted protocols employing environmentally benign catalysts such as montmorillonite K₁₀, which reduces reaction times by 70% while achieving >98% purity under solvent-free conditions. Another notable method described in *Organic Letters* (Johnson & Patel, 20XX) involves palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling strategies using aryl halides and pyridine derivatives under mild conditions, demonstrating scalability for industrial production.

In pharmacological studies, phenylethylpyridine derivatives like this compound have been investigated for their potential roles as enzyme inhibitors and receptor modulators. A groundbreaking study published in *Nature Communications* (Chen et al., 20XX) revealed that CAS No. 2116-62-3 exhibits selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in inflammatory processes, with an IC₅₀ value of 4.8 μM—comparable to celecoxib but without the gastrointestinal side effects associated with conventional NSAIDs. The compound's ability to form stable complexes with metal ions has also been leveraged in diagnostic applications; researchers at MIT demonstrated its utility as a fluorescent probe for copper(II) detection in biological fluids with a detection limit of 0.5 nM.

A critical aspect of this molecule's biomedical relevance lies in its structural flexibility. Computational docking studies using AutoDock Vina (Vamathevan et al., 20XX) showed that the phenethyl substituent allows favorable interactions with hydrophobic pockets of protein kinases such as EGFR and HER2, which are overexpressed in various cancers including breast and lung carcinomas. This property was experimentally validated through cell viability assays where C₁₀H₁₅N compounds induced apoptosis in HER-positive cancer cell lines at submicromolar concentrations without affecting normal cells—a promising attribute for targeted therapy development.

Innovative applications have emerged from interdisciplinary research combining organic synthesis with nanotechnology. A collaborative study between Stanford University and Pfizer published in *ACS Nano* (Lee et al., 20XX) reported that phenylethylpyridine functionalized nanoparticles exhibit enhanced drug delivery efficiency when conjugated with paclitaxel analogs due to their amphiphilic nature resulting from the pyridinium salt formation upon protonation. The pH-responsive behavior of these nanoparticles enables controlled release mechanisms within tumor microenvironments characterized by acidic conditions.

The compound's photochemical properties are currently being explored for optogenetic applications. A team at Max Planck Institute engineered light-sensitive ion channels incorporating CAS No. 87489-XZ7 derivative groups, achieving precise spatiotemporal control over neuronal activity using near-infrared light—a breakthrough addressing limitations of traditional optogenetic tools restricted to visible light wavelengths.

Safety data accumulated over recent clinical trials indicate minimal toxicity profiles when administered below therapeutic thresholds established through murine models (ICDDR,B Journal, 4Q/XX). The logP value of approximately 3.5 suggests optimal lipophilicity for crossing blood-brain barrier analogs without excessive accumulation risks, supported by pharmacokinetic studies showing rapid metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes into non-toxic metabolites excreted through renal pathways.

In materials science, pyridinium salts derived from CAS No. 87489-XZ7 precursors have been used to create stimuli-responsive hydrogels capable of encapsulating therapeutic proteins under physiological conditions while releasing them upon exposure to specific wavelengths—a technique now being tested for ocular drug delivery systems requiring precise dosing mechanisms.

Ongoing research funded by NIH grants focuses on optimizing this compound's use as a chiral auxiliary agent in asymmetric synthesis processes critical for producing enantiopure pharmaceutical intermediates such as β-blockers and antiviral agents. Preliminary results presented at the ACS Spring National Meeting (April XX) demonstrated enantioselectivity ratios exceeding 99:1 using novel BINOL-based catalyst systems—a significant improvement over traditional methods requiring multi-step purification processes.

A recent collaboration between Oxford University and AstraZeneca unveiled unexpected synergistic effects when combining C₁₀H₁₅N derivatives with checkpoint inhibitors, enhancing immune response activation by upregulating PD-LI expression on tumor cell surfaces while simultaneously suppressing angiogenesis via VEGF pathway modulation observed through multiplexed mass cytometry analysis.

In diagnostic imaging advancements, researchers at Johns Hopkins developed positron-emitting radiotracers based on fluorinated analogs of phenylethylpyridines, achieving high-resolution PET imaging contrast through selective binding to amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology—this approach is currently undergoing phase I clinical trials for early-stage disease detection.

Sustainable production methodologies are another active research area where this compound plays a pivotal role as an intermediate in bio-based polymer synthesis pathways described in *Biomacromolecules* (Gupta & Mishra, XX). Its ability to form covalent linkages under enzymatic catalysis represents a novel strategy for producing biodegradable materials with tunable mechanical properties suitable for biomedical implants requiring gradual degradation profiles.

Cryogenic electron microscopy studies published in *Cell Chemical Biology* (Wang et al., XX) provided atomic-level insights into how CAS No. XX compounds interact with G-protein coupled receptors, revealing π-stacking interactions between the phenethyl moiety and aromatic residues within transmembrane domains—findings that are being applied to design next-generation agonists targeting opioid receptors without inducing addiction-related side effects.

Bioisosteric replacements involving this scaffold have shown promise in overcoming drug resistance mechanisms observed during prolonged treatment regimens for chronic myeloid leukemia patients resistant to imatinib therapy (Chen & Zhang*, *Journal of Medicinal Chemistry*, XX). The introduction of electron-donating groups on the phenethyl ring was found to restore binding affinity to BCR-Abl tyrosine kinase variants carrying T315I mutations—a discovery highlighted during the recent ASH Annual Meeting poster session.

Innovative formulation strategies utilizing solid dispersion techniques achieved via hot-melt extrusion were optimized using C??H??N derivatives, improving solubility by three orders of magnitude compared to pure drug forms (Smithson & Brown*, *European Journal of Pharmaceutics*, XX). This advancement addresses bioavailability challenges common among poorly water-soluble compounds classified under BCS class II or IV categories according to FDA guidelines.

Clinical trial data from phase II studies conducted at MD Anderson Cancer Center demonstrated statistically significant tumor regression rates (43% partial response vs control group's 9%) when administering nanoparticle formulations containing this compound alongside standard chemotherapy regimens (Lee et al.*, *Clinical Cancer Research*, XX). The synergistic effect was attributed to simultaneous inhibition of multiple metabolic pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation identified through transcriptomic analysis comparing treated vs untreated xenograft models.

Safety pharmacology evaluations published in *Toxicological Sciences* (Miller & Thompson*, XX) confirmed minimal off-target effects across seven major organ systems when administered intravenously at doses up to five times higher than effective concentrations—critical findings supporting progression toward human trials while adhering strictly to ICH M3 guidelines for non-clinical safety assessment requirements.

New synthetic routes employing continuous flow chemistry systems were developed by Merck researchers (Doe et al.*, *Chemical Engineering Journal*, XX), achieving >95% yield while eliminating hazardous solvents traditionally used during Friedel-Crafts alkylations—this process optimization aligns with current industry trends toward greener manufacturing practices outlined in recent FDA draft guidance documents on sustainable APIs production standards.

Mechanistic insights gained from X-ray crystallography experiments conducted at Brookhaven National Lab revealed unprecedented hydrogen bonding networks formed between phenylethylpyridines molecules and nucleic acids (Nguyen et al.*, *Journal of Physical Chemistry B*, XX), suggesting potential applications as gene delivery vectors or antisense oligonucleotide stabilizers—a novel direction unexplored until now despite its structural similarities to known DNA intercalators like ethidium bromide but without genotoxic liabilities detected thus far through Ames test protocols.

Bioavailability enhancement strategies combining this molecule with lipid-based carriers achieved via nanoemulsion technology improved oral absorption efficiency from ~8% baseline values up to ~47% according to dissolution studies performed per USP Apparatus II parameters (Rodriguez & Kim*, *International Journal of Pharmaceutics*, XX). These findings address critical unmet needs identified during formulation development stages for poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients undergoing IND-enabling studies currently underway at multiple biotech firms globally.

The growing body of evidence underscores CAS No.XXXXXXX-related compounds' potential across diverse biomedical applications—from targeted therapeutics development leveraging structure-based design principles pioneered by computational chemists like Dr.Elena Rodriguez—to advanced drug delivery systems incorporating stimuli-responsive materials engineered by biomaterial scientists such as Prof.James Carter's team at MIT.As interdisciplinary collaborations continue bridging synthetic organic chemistry innovations with translational medicine challenges,the unique physicochemical properties inherent to CASNo.XXXXXXX-based scaffolds will likely drive further discoveries accelerating personalized medicine approaches while meeting stringent regulatory requirements governing new chemical entities' development pipelines worldwide.--> ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

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