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  Songhao Zhang,Jing Ji,Siqi Zhang,Chunfeng Guan,Gang Wang Food Funct. 2020 11 944
• 2. Anti-obesity effects of zeaxanthin on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and high fat induced obese mice
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  Barmak Mostofian,Quentin R. Johnson,Jeremy C. Smith,Xiaolin Cheng Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020 22 12281
• 4. Conformational changes of β-carotene and zeaxanthin immersed in a model membrane through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations
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• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Prenol lipids Xanthophylls
• Natural Products and Extracts Plant Extracts Plant based Thomandersia laurifolia

Zeaxanthin (CAS No. 144-68-3): A Comprehensive Overview of Its Biochemical Significance and Recent Research Developments

Zeaxanthin, a naturally occurring carotenoid with the chemical formula C₄₀H₅₆O₂ and a molecular weight of 566.88 g/mol, is identified by its unique CAS number 144-68-3. This compound is widely recognized for its presence in various plants, algae, and microorganisms, where it serves as a crucial photoprotective agent. Zeaxanthin's structural properties, characterized by its xanthophyll group, make it an essential component in the human diet, particularly in the form of leafy green vegetables such as spinach and kale. Its role in human health has garnered significant attention in recent years, with numerous studies highlighting its potential benefits in eye health, antioxidant activity, and neuroprotective functions.

The biochemical properties of Zeaxanthin contribute to its remarkable stability under various environmental conditions, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and oxidative stress. This stability is attributed to its conjugated double-bond system and the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the xanthophyll ring. These structural features enable Zeaxanthin to effectively scavenge free radicals and inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby protecting cellular components from oxidative damage.

In the context of human health, Zeaxanthin is particularly well-studied for its role in maintaining macular lutein density, which is crucial for preventing age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The macula, a small region in the retina responsible for central vision, contains high concentrations of Zeaxanthin and another carotenoid, lutein. Together, these compounds form the macular pigment (MP), which filters harmful blue light and reduces phototoxicity. Recent research has demonstrated that adequate dietary intake of Zeaxanthin can significantly enhance MP levels, thereby reducing the risk of AMD by up to 20%. This finding underscores the importance of incorporating Zeaxanthin-rich foods into daily diets to support long-term ocular health.

Beyond its ocular benefits, Zeaxanthin has been implicated in various other physiological processes. For instance, studies have shown that Zeaxanthin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Inflammation is a key driver of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative conditions. By inhibiting NF-κB activation, Zeaxanthin helps reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thereby mitigating systemic inflammation.

The antioxidant capacity of Zeaxanthin is another area of intense research interest. Unlike some other antioxidants that can generate harmful byproducts under high oxidative stress, Zeaxanthin operates through a unique mechanism that involves singlet oxygen quenching without producing superoxide radicals. This property makes it an exceptionally safe and effective antioxidant for cellular protection. Recent studies have also highlighted its role in enhancing immune function by protecting immune cells from oxidative damage caused by pathogens.

In addition to its biological activities, Zeaxanthin has been explored for its potential applications in cosmetic formulations due to its ability to protect skin cells from UV-induced damage. Topical application of Zeaxanthin-rich extracts has been shown to reduce erythema (redness) and improve skin elasticity following UV exposure. Furthermore, preliminary research suggests that Zeaxanthin may have chemopreventive effects against certain types of cancer by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis.

The synthesis and bioavailability of Zeaxanthin are also subjects of ongoing investigation. While natural sources such as marigold flowers are rich in this compound, synthetic production methods have been developed to meet growing demand for pharmaceutical applications. Recent advancements in biotechnology have enabled the use of genetically modified microorganisms to produce high-purity forms of Zeaxanthin, which can be incorporated into dietary supplements and nutraceutical products.

The role of Zeaxanthin in neuroprotection has emerged as a promising area of research. Studies indicate that this carotenoid can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in neural tissues, where it exerts protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Mechanisms proposed include reduced oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial function, and modulation of cholinergic pathways. While more research is needed to fully elucidate these mechanisms, preliminary findings suggest that dietary intake or supplementation with Zeaxanthin could slow cognitive decline associated with aging.

The impact of dietary patterns on Zeaxanthin levels has also been examined extensively. The Mediterranean diet, known for its high fruit and vegetable content, is associated with higher plasma levels of carotenoids including Zeaxanthin, suggesting that such dietary patterns may contribute to better overall health outcomes. Conversely, diets high in processed foods and low in fiber have been linked to lower carotenoid intake and increased risk of chronic diseases.

The future direction for research on Zeaxanthin (CAS No. 144-68-3) appears promising, with investigations focusing on optimizing delivery systems for enhanced bioavailability and exploring novel therapeutic applications. Nanotechnology-based delivery platforms are being developed to improve oral absorption rates while minimizing degradation during gastrointestinal transit.

In conclusion, Zexanthatn plays a multifaceted role in maintaining human health through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,and photoprotective properties, among others, highlighting why it remains a subject o intense scientific interest.,

• 78887-05-5(7',8'-dihydro-beta-cryptoxanthin)
• 76792-18-2(beta-Citrauriren(8'-apo-beta-caroten-3-ol))
• 1173048-20-8((3'Z,5'Z)-celaxanthin)
• 34955-64-1((Xi)-1.1.3-Trimethyl-2-(3.7.12.16.20.24-hexamethyl-pentacosadodecaen-(1.3t.5t.7t.9t.11t.13t.15t.17t.19t.21t.23)-yl-(1t))-cyclohexen-(2)-ol-(5))
• 62994-48-3(Parasiloxanthin)
• 24502-92-9((3R,3R')-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol)
• 62994-71-2(7',8'-dihydroparasiloxanthin)
• 1173048-24-2((all E)-celaxanthin)
• 3309-19-1((3R,3R')-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol)
• 58947-97-0(beta-Citrauriren(8'-apo-beta-caroten-3-ol))