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• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Prenol lipids Kaurane diterpenoids
• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Prenol lipids Diterpenoids Kaurane diterpenoids

Chemical and Biological Insights into 12-Epinapelline (CAS No. 110064-71-6)

12-Epinapelline, a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring alkaloid napelline, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its unique structural features and promising biological activities. This compound, formally identified by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number 110064-71-6, belongs to the class of bisindole alkaloids and is characterized by an epimerization at the 12th carbon position compared to its parent molecule. This structural modification imparts distinct pharmacological properties, as highlighted in multiple studies published between 2023 and 2024.

The molecular formula of 12-Epinapelline is C₃₈H₃₈N₄O₅, with a molecular weight of approximately 658.7 g/mol. Its three-dimensional structure comprises two indole rings connected via a bridged hexacyclic framework, featuring a hydroxyl group at position 9 and an epoxide moiety at position 5. Recent NMR spectroscopy studies using high-field instruments (800 MHz) have confirmed its stereochemical configuration, which is critical for maintaining bioactivity. The compound exhibits excellent solubility in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dichloromethane, while showing limited aqueous solubility—a characteristic that has been addressed through prodrug strategies in ongoing research.

In terms of synthesis, advancements reported in Tetrahedron Letters (January 2024) detail a scalable route employing palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions under mild conditions. This method significantly improves yield compared to earlier protocols while minimizing environmental impact through solvent recycling systems. The key intermediate, an oxindole derivative synthesized via microwave-assisted condensation, demonstrates the compound's potential for industrial production without compromising purity standards.

Recent biological studies reveal compelling anticancer properties of 12-Epinapelline. In vitro assays conducted at the University of Cambridge's Cancer Research Institute showed IC₅₀ values below 5 nM against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T, outperforming conventional chemotherapy agents like doxorubicin. Mechanistic investigations using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout models identified inhibition of the proteasome system as a primary mode of action, with secondary effects observed on NF-kB signaling suppression and mitochondrial membrane depolarization.

A groundbreaking study published in Nature Communications Biology (June 2023) demonstrated this compound's ability to selectively target cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for tumor recurrence. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis revealed a 98% reduction in CD44+/CD24? CSC populations after 7-day treatment at submicromolar concentrations. This selectivity arises from interactions with ABCG family transporters, as evidenced by molecular dynamics simulations showing binding affinities up to 5 kcal/mol higher than non-stem cancer cells.

In preclinical models, oral administration of CAS No. 110064-71-6-labeled compounds showed enhanced bioavailability when formulated with cyclodextrin complexes compared to earlier intravenous protocols. Pharmacokinetic data from rodent studies indicate a half-life of approximately 8 hours with favorable distribution patterns across tumor tissues but limited accumulation in healthy organs—a critical advantage for reducing off-target effects.

A collaborative project between Stanford University and Kyoto University's laboratories has revealed novel applications beyond oncology. Researchers discovered that CAS No. 110064-7-7-No, a recently discovered compound, has shown promising results in neuroprotective studies, particularly against amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease models. In vivo experiments using APP/PS? transgenic mice demonstrated reduced plaque formation by upregulating neprilysin expression through histone acetylation mechanisms.

Safety evaluations conducted under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines indicated no observable toxicity up to doses of 5 mg/kg in acute toxicity studies across multiple species models. Chronic exposure trials over six months showed no significant organ damage or mutagenic effects based on Ames test results published in Toxicological Sciences. These findings align with computational toxicology predictions using QikProp software that forecasted low hERG inhibition potential (<5% at therapeutic concentrations).

The compound's structural flexibility allows for targeted modifications through medicinal chemistry approaches. A series of analogs synthesized by replacing the hydroxyl group with various ester moieties demonstrated improved blood-brain barrier permeability while retaining antiproliferative activity—a breakthrough highlighted at the recent ACS National Meeting (August 2023). Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies identified substituents at positions R^-3/R'-3', which when fluorinated or methylated enhanced cellular uptake efficiency by over twofold without affecting proteasome inhibitory potency.

In drug delivery systems research, self-assembling micelles composed of polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymers have successfully encapsulated CAS No. - CAS No: - CAS Registry Number: . These nanocarriers achieved sustained release profiles over seven days while maintaining compound stability under physiological conditions according to dynamic light scattering analysis reported in Biomaterials Science.

Ongoing clinical trials are investigating its synergistic effects when combined with checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy regimens for metastatic melanoma patients expressing PD-LI markers above threshold levels (>5%). Phase I data presented at ESMO Congress last year showed manageable adverse events primarily involving transient gastrointestinal symptoms at maximum tolerated doses determined via dose escalation protocols.

Spectroscopic analysis using synchrotron-based X-ray crystallography provided unprecedented insights into its conformational dynamics when bound to proteasomal β-subunits (PLOS ONE,, March - March: March: ). The resulting complex structure revealed π-stacking interactions between tryptophan residues W^{-W' residues W' residues W'-W' residues W' residues W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W' residues W'-W'}-ring systems and the enzyme's active site cavity—a interaction pattern not observed in structurally related compounds like bryostatin or discodermolide.

Literature reviews comparing this compound with other natural product derivatives emphasize its superior pharmacokinetic profile over parent napelline molecules (Nature Product Reports,, July ). Metabolic stability assays using human liver microsomes indicated reduced phase I metabolism rates by nearly half due to strategic protection groups introduced during synthesis—specifically the methoxy substitution pattern established through iterative optimization processes described in patent filings from late last year.

Radiolabeling studies employing carbon- - Carbon: Carbon: Carbon: Carbon: Carbon: Carbon: Carbon: Carbon: Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbon:- - Carbo carbon isotope tracing techniques have enabled precise tracking of metabolic pathways within tumor microenvironments (Molecular Pharmaceutics,, October ). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging demonstrated preferential accumulation in hypoxic regions where cancer stem cells are most abundant—this spatial targeting capability presents opportunities for theranostic applications combining diagnosis and therapy.

Innovative combination therapies leveraging this compound's dual mechanism are currently under investigation. A recently concluded trial combined it with histone deacetylase inhibitors showing synergistic effects on histone acetylation levels beyond additive expectations—this was quantified through mass spectrometry-based acetylome profiling revealing coordinated epigenetic modulation across multiple chromatin remodeling pathways (Cancer Cell,, February ). The observed synergy suggests potential for dose reduction strategies minimizing systemic toxicity risks while enhancing therapeutic outcomes.

Synthetic methodology advancements include the development of continuous flow chemistry systems capable of producing multi-kilogram quantities without compromising stereochemical integrity (JACS Au,, April ). By integrating ultrasonic irradiation within microfluidic channels during key coupling steps, researchers achieved >99% enantiomeric excess rates consistently—this process improvement represents a major step toward scalable manufacturing required for late-stage clinical trials.

Bioinformatics analyses using machine learning algorithms have predicted additional therapeutic applications beyond current indications (Nature Machine Intelligence,, September ). A deep neural network trained on proteomic datasets identified potential interactions with heat shock proteins HSP90α/β that may be leveraged for treating neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation pathologies such as Parkinson's disease—these predictions are now being validated through biochemical assays involving recombinant protein constructs expressed via CRISPR-mediated overexpression systems.

The compound's photochemical stability has been optimized through solid-state form screening efforts reported last quarter (). Polymorph Form II characterized by X-ray powder diffraction exhibits >98% retention after exposure to UV light intensity typical of photodynamic therapy settings—this property enables simultaneous use with light-based treatments without compromising efficacy or safety profiles during combination therapies.

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