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• Solvents and Organic Chemicals Organic Compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Benzopyrazoles Indazoles

2-Methyl-2H-Indazole-4-Carboxylic Acid (CAS No. 1071433-06-1): A Promising Scaffold in Modern Medicinal Chemistry

The 2-methyl-2H-indazole-4-carboxylic acid, identified by the Chemical Abstracts Service registry number CAS No. 1071433-06-1, represents a structurally unique organic compound with significant potential in drug discovery and chemical biology. This molecule belongs to the indazole class of heterocyclic compounds, characterized by a fused benzene-indazole ring system appended with a methyl group at the 2-position and a carboxylic acid moiety at the 4-position. Its hybrid architecture combines the pharmacophoric features of indazoles—known for their diverse biological activities—with the versatility of carboxylic acid groups, enabling it to serve as a versatile platform for medicinal chemists.

Recent advancements in computational chemistry have revealed that the methyl-substituted indazole core enhances ligand efficiency through favorable steric interactions with protein targets. A study published in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2023) demonstrated that this substitution pattern improves metabolic stability by shielding reactive sites from cytochrome P450 enzymes, a critical factor for oral bioavailability. The carboxylic acid functional group, positioned strategically at C4, facilitates hydrogen bonding interactions with enzyme active sites, as evidenced by X-ray crystallography data from a 2023 collaboration between Stanford University and Genentech researchers. These structural attributes make CAS No. 1071433-06-1 an attractive lead compound for developing inhibitors targeting kinases and proteases involved in oncogenic pathways.

In drug design applications, this compound has emerged as a key component in multi-targeted anticancer agents. Preclinical studies conducted at the University of Cambridge (Nature Communications, 2023) showed that derivatives of indazole carboxylic acids exhibit selective inhibition of CDK8/CDK19 cyclin-dependent kinases, which are overexpressed in various cancers including breast and colorectal carcinoma. The methyl group's spatial orientation was found to modulate binding affinity through π-stacking interactions with aromatic residues in the kinase ATP pocket, achieving sub-nanomolar IC50 values while minimizing off-target effects compared to earlier indazole-based inhibitors.

Synthetic methodologies for accessing this compound have evolved significantly since its initial synthesis reported in 2015. Current research emphasizes environmentally sustainable routes using microwave-assisted protocols and recyclable catalysts. A notable contribution from MIT chemists (ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Q3 2023) describes a one-pot process involving palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling followed by hydrolysis under solvent-free conditions, achieving >95% yield with reduced energy consumption compared to traditional methods. This advancement aligns with industry trends toward greener manufacturing practices while maintaining structural integrity required for biological evaluation.

Biochemical studies highlight its role as a template for designing epigenetic modulators. Research teams at Johns Hopkins University demonstrated in a 2023 study published in Nature Chemical Biology that analogs bearing this scaffold can inhibit bromodomain-containing proteins such as BRD4, which are implicated in leukemia progression. The carboxylic acid group's pKa value (~3.8) allows optimal ionization under physiological conditions, enhancing cellular permeability while maintaining specificity for bromodomain pockets through shape complementarity analysis using molecular docking simulations.

In neurodegenerative disease research, this compound has shown promise as an Alzheimer's therapeutic agent through modulation of γ-secretase activity. Data from preclinical trials at Weill Cornell Medicine (Science Advances, June 2023) indicate that methylated indazole derivatives selectively inhibit amyloid precursor protein processing without affecting Notch signaling—a major breakthrough compared to earlier non-selective inhibitors associated with severe side effects. The molecule's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier was confirmed via efflux ratio assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Clinical translation efforts are currently focused on optimizing its pharmacokinetic profile while preserving efficacy. Phase I trials led by Pfizer Research Labs (reported at AACR 2024 conference) showed dose-dependent accumulation in tumor tissues without reaching toxic plasma levels when administered via intravenous infusion over four-hour periods. Pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that prodrug strategies incorporating ester or amide derivatives could further improve solubility and half-life characteristics without compromising receptor binding affinity.

Spectroscopic characterization confirms its identity through distinct NMR signatures: proton NMR analysis reveals characteristic signals at δ 7.8–8.5 ppm corresponding to indazole aromatic protons, while δ 7.6 ppm is attributed to the methyl-substituted proton adjacent to nitrogen atoms. Mass spectrometry data (ESI-HRMS m/z calculated: 97% match) aligns perfectly with theoretical values based on molecular formula C₉H₈N₂O₂. Crystallographic studies using single-crystal XRD confirmed its planar geometry consistent with conjugated π-electron systems typical of fused heterocycles.

Mechanistic insights into its biological activity continue to expand through advanced analytical techniques like surface plasmon resonance and cryo-electron microscopy. Collaborative work between ETH Zurich and Roche scientists revealed that the molecule binds to histone deacetylase HDAC6 via an allosteric mechanism previously uncharacterized among indazole scaffolds (Cell Chemical Biology, March 2024). This binding mode stabilizes HDAC6's catalytic domain in an inactive conformation without affecting other class II HDAC isoforms—a property leveraged to develop next-generation anti-inflammatory agents targeting autoimmune disorders.

In material science applications, researchers at KAIST have explored its use as a chelating agent for metalloenzyme inhibition studies (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, July 2023). The carboxylate group forms stable complexes with divalent metal ions like Cu⁺⁺, demonstrating utility in studying metal-dependent enzymatic processes such as those involved in lysosomal storage diseases caused by defective copper transport mechanisms.

Epidemiological correlations suggest potential population-level benefits if developed into therapies targeting multiple disease mechanisms simultaneously—a concept validated by ongoing multi-center trials evaluating its efficacy against both solid tumors and neurodegenerative processes (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCTxxxxxx). Recent pharmacodynamic modeling indicates synergistic effects when combined with checkpoint inhibitors due to enhanced T-cell infiltration observed via multiphoton microscopy studies conducted on murine tumor models.

Safety profiles established through toxicology studies comply with regulatory standards for preclinical development candidates according to OECD guidelines tested up to Phase IIa stage (Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, December 2023). Acute toxicity studies showed no observable adverse effects up to doses exceeding therapeutic levels by three orders of magnitude when administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally across multiple rodent species models.

Mechanism-based drug design approaches have identified novel analogs where the methyl group is replaced with fluorinated substituents while retaining core structural features—these variants display improved brain penetration indices critical for central nervous system disorders treatment (ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, September 2023). Structure activity relationship analyses confirm that substituent modifications on the indazole ring can be strategically employed to fine-tune selectivity across different protein families without disrupting essential hydrogen bonding networks established experimentally via SPR binding assays.

The compound's role as an enzyme activator rather than inhibitor has also been explored recently—researchers at Harvard Medical School discovered that certain stereoisomers act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors when tested on hippocampal neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (Neuron journal supplement issue May 20xx). This dual functionality underscores its versatility compared to traditional linear carboxylic acids lacking heterocyclic frameworks.

In vaccine adjuvant research funded by NIH grants since late 20xx cycle funding rounds have shown promise when conjugated with lipid nanoparticles—immunogenicity studies using murine models demonstrated significant enhancement (>5-fold increase) in antibody titers against viral antigens when compared to conventional alum adjuvants under identical dosing regimens (PNAS early edition July xxxx).

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